Heidi Marcum Electronics.

Analog Modeling

A sound card also known as "audio card" or "audio adapter is a device from a computer that handles the functions related to sound. The sound card is attached either to an ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) or PCA (Peripheral Component Interconnect) slot on the motherboard of the computer. Map it receives its input from an input device (eg a microphone), sound recording and performing manipulation and provides the resulting sound output. It essentially functions as a digital-analog converter which converts the digital input signal to a converter analog format. The output devices include amplifiers, headphones or external devices using interconnections (eg connector TRS, RCA). Sound cards are commonly used in multimedia applications such as music composition, editing video or audio, presentation / education and entertainment (games).

The main functions of sound cards are:

a] Synthesis (generating sounds from digital signals)

b] MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface: a standard protocol that enables electronic devices to communicate, control and synchronize each other. Simply, we can say that MIDI allows exchange of system data)

c] analog digital converter (Eg, converts the analog audio input signals from a digital microphone)

d] digital-analog (eg, converts the digital signals to analog output)

Sound synthesis includes three methods. They are FM (Frequency Modulation) synthesis, wavetable synthesis and physical modeling.

Before the invention of sound cards, it was widely accepted that computers are not designed to produce a sound or music. Computers, then had a PC's internal speaker that could deliver only a beep, which was produced occasionally as alarm or warning. Finally, computer programmers, the thought of giving as an accompaniment sound for games. Even then, they could produce only beep sound for the game initially sound cards has been designed and marketed for IBM PC-based audio applications such as music composition (AdLib Personal Music System, Creative Music System, IBM Music Feature Card) or on speech synthesis (Digispeech SP201, Covox Speech Thing, Street Electronics Echo). In 1988, gaming companies such as Sierra started switching towards adding sound effects in games.

Initially, IBM PC sound cards were manufactured by AdLib. Map was based on the Yamaha YM3812 sound chip, aka the OPL2.At same time, Creative Labs also marketed a sound card called the Creative System Music. The Creative Labs introduced the Sound Blaster that created a major twist in the IBM PC compatible sound card market. The Sound Blaster was an additional processor for recording and playback of digital audio in addition to the AdLib model.

As the moment of the commercial market, sound cards are available in a price range of $ 10 for the expensive models at $ 1,000.

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Modeling in Analog Design $332.97 Modeling in Analog Design highlights some of the most pressing issues in the use of modeling techniques for design of analogue circuits. Using models for circuit design gives designers the power to express directly the behaviour of parts of a circuit in addition to using other predefined components. There are numerous advantages to this new category of analog behavioral language. In the short term, by favouring the topdown design and raising the level of description abstraction, this approach provides greater freedom of implementation and a higher degree of technology independence. In the longer term, analog synthesis and formal optimisation are targeted. Modeling in Analog Design introduces the reader to two main language standards: VHDLA and MHDL. It goes on to provide indepth examples of the use of these languages to model analog devices. The final part is devoted to the very important topic of modeling the thermal and electrothermal aspects of devices. This book is essential reading for analog designers using behavioral languages and analog CAD tool development environments who have to provide the tools used by the designers. Author: Berge, JeanMichel/ Berge, JeanMichel/ Levia, Oz Series Title: Analog Circuits and Signal Processing Series Number: 2 Binding Type: Hardcover Number of Pages: 176 Publication Date: 1995/04/30 Language: English Dimensions: 9.21 x 6.14 x 0.44 inches

CMOS Analog Design Using All-Region MOSFET Modeling $96 The essentials of analog circuit design with a unique all-region MOSFET modeling approach.

Analog Behavioral Modeling with the Verilog-A Language $208.87 Analog Behavioral Modeling With The Verilog-A Language provides the IC designer with an introduction to the methodologies and uses of analog behavioral modeling with the Verilog-A language. In doing so, an overview of Verilog-A language constructs as well as applications using the language are presented. In addition, the book is accompanied by the Verilog-A Explorer IDE (Integrated Development Environment), a limited capability Verilog-A enhanced SPICE simulator for further learning and experimentation with the Verilog-A language. This book assumes a basic level of understanding of the usage of SPICE-based analog simulation and the Verilog HDL language, although any programming language background and a little determination should suffice. From the Foreword: Verilog-A is a new hardware design language (HDL) for analog circuit and systems design. Since the mid-eighties, Verilog HDL has been used extensively in the design and verification of digital systems. However, there have been no analogous high-level languages available for analog and mixed-signal circuits and systems. Verilog-A provides a new dimension of design and simulation capability for analog electronic systems. Previously, analog simulation has been based upon the SPICE circuit simulator or some derivative of it. Digital simulation is primarily performed with a hardware description language such as Verilog, which is popular since it is easy to learn and use. Making Verilog more worthwhile is the fact that several tools exist in the industry that complement and extend Verilog's capabilities ... Behavioral Modeling With the Verilog-A Language provides a good introduction and starting place for students and practicing engineers with interest in understanding this new level of simulation technology. This book contains numerous examples that enhance the text material and provide a helpful learning tool for the reader. The text and the simulation program included can be used for individual study or in a classroom environment ...' Dr. Thomas A. DeMassa, Professor of Engineering, Arizona State University

Rf Analog Impairments Modeling for Communication Systems Simulation (Hardcover) $210.84 Logically ordered to follow the order of the blocks encountered along a receiver or a transmitter path in a communication platform, this book provides an introduction to system performance metrics, followed by topics on RF/Analog modeling, and simulation examples to support the modeling theory. With an emphasis on practical ways to apply the ideas presented, this book provides a comprehensive approach to unifying theory and practice in RF/Analog system modeling. Readers will be provided with practical RF/Analog system modeling knowledge and examples directly applicable to their on-going transceiver studies and simulations.

High-level Modeling and Synthesis of Analog Integrated Systems $159 Various approaches for finding optimal values for the parameters of analog cells, like op amps, have been investigated since the mid-1980s, and they have made their entrance in commercial applications. However, a larger impact on the performance is expected if tools are developed which operate on a higher abstraction level and consider multiple architectural choices to realize a particular functionality. ???High-Level Modeling and Synthesis of Analog Integrated Systems??? examines the opportunities, conditions, problems, solutions and systematic methodologies for this new generation of analog CAD tools. A new design paradigm is defined for high-level synthesis of AMS systems: the high-level design flow based on generic behavior. This design approach involves a modeling strategy using generic behavioral models and a synthesis strategy leading to the exploration of a heterogeneous design space containing different architectures. In ???High-Level Modeling and Synthesis of Analog Integrated Systems???, two novel generic behavioral models are described. The first one adopts a time-domain approach and is suited for classes like Delta-Sigma modulators and sampled-data systems. For the second model, a new frequency-domain framework has been developed (the Phase- Frequency Transfer model) which allows the representation of classes of RF systems like front-ends of wireless receivers. To complete the high-level design strategy, the synthesis strategy has been concretized with a new top-down heterogeneous optimization algorithm. The general high-level design methodology for AMS systems and its concrete applications developed in this book serve as a fundamental framework for a newgeneration of analog CAD tools. By providing support for automated design space exploration at the architectural level, they realize an increase in design productivity.

Transistor Level Modeling for Analog/RF IC Design $205.52 The editors and authors present a wealth of knowledge regarding the most relevant aspects in the field of MOS transistor modeling. The first chapter lays out the 2/3D process and device simulations as an effective tool for a better understanding of the internal behavior of semiconductor structures and this with a focus on highvoltage MOSFET devices. Subsequently, the mainstream developments of both the PSP and the EKV models are discussed in detail. These physicsbased MOSFET models are compared to the measurementbased models which are frequently used in RF applications. The comparison includes an overview of the relevant empirical models and measurement techniques. The following chapters include SOIspecific aspects, modeling enhancement of small geometry MOSFET devices and a survey of quantum effects in devices and circuits. Finally, an explanation of hardware description languages such as VHDLAMS and VerilogA is offered and shows the possibilities of the practical implementation and standardization of the different modeling methodologies found in the preceding chapters. The variety of subjects and the high quality of content of this volume make it a reference document for researchers and users of MOSFET devices and models. The book can be recommended to everyone who is involved in compact model developments, numerical TCAD modeling, parameter extraction, spacelevel simulation or model standardization. The book will appeal equally to PhD students who want to understand the ins and outs of MOSFETs as well as to modeling designers working in the analog and highfrequency areas. Author: Grabinski, Wladyslaw/ Nauwelaers, Bart/ Schreurs, Dominique Binding Type: Hardcover Number of Pages: 293 Publication Date: 2006/05/01 Language: English Dimensions: 9.80 x 6.36 x 0.82 inches

Modeling With an Analog Hardware Description Language $227.18 No Synopsis Available

Device Modeling for Analog and RF CMOS Circuit Design $180 Bridges the gap between device modelling and analog circuit design. Includes dedicated software enabling actual circuit design. Covers the three significant models: BSIM3, Model 9 &, and EKV. Presents practical guidance on device development and circuit implementation. The authors offer a combination of extensive academic and industrial experience.

Modeling and Simulation of Mixed Analog-Digital Systems $146.25 No Synopsis Available

Transistor Level Modeling for Analog/ RF IC Design $125.78 No Synopsis Available

Behringer V-Tone True Analog Modeling 15-Watt Guitar Amplifier for Electric Guitars $87.99 This modeling amplifier features 27 analog effects, including 3 guitar amps, 3 speaker simulation models and 3 gain modes to help personalize your sound. The CD input allows you to play along with your favorite music.

Analog Integrated Circuit Design $176.67 The 2nd Edition of "Analog Integrated Circuit Design" focuses on more coverage about several types of circuits that have increased in importance in the past decade. Furthermore, the text is enhanced with material on CMOS IC device modeling, updated processing layout and expanded coverage to reflect technical innovations. CMOS devices and circuits have more influence in this edition as well as a reduced amount of text on BiCMOS and bipolar information. New chapters include topics on frequency response of analog ICs and basic theory of feedback amplifiers.

Structured Analog CMOS Design $139 Structured Analog CMOS Design describes a structured analog design approach that makes it possible to simplify complex analog design problems and develop a design strategy that can be used for the design of large number of analog cells. It intentionally avoids treating the analog design as a mathematical problem, developing a design procedure based on the understanding of device physics and approximations that give insight into parameter interdependences. The proposed transistor-level design procedure is based on the EKV modeling approach and relies on the device inversion level as a fundamental design variable. Since all important design parameters can be expressed as continuous functions of the device inversion level, the design optimum as well as the technology limits can be easily found. The basic design concept consists in analog cell partitioning into the basic analog structures and sizing of these basic analog structures in a predefined procedural design sequence. The procedural design sequence ensures the correct propagation of design specifications, the verification of parameter limits and the local optimization loops. The proposed design procedure is also implemented as a CAD tool that follows this book. Finally, as a practical example, the design of analog amplifiers in a hybrid multi-bit Delta-Sigma modulator system is described in detail from system level to transistor level.

Aas Ultra Analog - Virtual Analog Synthesizer Software $185 The Applied Acoustic Systems Ultra Analog Virtual Analog Synthesizer is a 32-voice polyphonic virtual analog synthesizer entirely based on physical modeling for outstanding sound quality. At the heart of Ultra Analog are the best alias-free oscillators in the industry, featuring standard wave shapes, hard sync, sub oscillators, and integrated pitch envelopes for impressive evolving and dynamic analog tone. 2 ballsy multimode filters with multiple drive and distortion options are then applied to give the sound its bold personality. Finally, 2 syncable comprehensive LFOs, 4 loopable velocity-sensitive ADSR envelopes generators, and a separate vibrato function provide carefully chosen modulation options.Make Music HappenThe superb preset library provides a fantastic journey through all the colors of the analog spectrum. Ultra Analog is highly efficient; just find the sound you want fast and tweak it to perfection with the integrated categorized browser and ergonomic interface. What's more, the browser enables complete freedom over the organization of your preset library; categorize by songs, styles, events, etc. Whether it's for day-to-day synth work, or particular sound design tasks, Ultra Analog will deliver the entire analog sonic range with every control at your fingertips wherever and whenever your creative outbursts demand it.Live in the Studio or Live on StageUltra Analog is packed with premium performance features, including keyboard modes, portamento, and legato functions. And to help you follow your groove, Ultra Analog is equipped with a complete set of MIDI features: an easy-to-use MIDI Learn function for user-defined MIDI maps, min/max parameter range settings, MIDI program change and automation. And for even more action, Ultra Analog provides a user-programmable pattern arpeggiator and high-quality master effects featuring chorus, delay, and reverb.32-voice polyphonyEntirely based on physical modelingTop-quality preset libraryReal time calculation of sound - no samples32-bit floating-point internal processingAudio bit-depth and sample rates up to 24-bit/192kHzIntegrated audio recorder to capture performance on the flyIntegrated browser and locate function for easy navigation and organization of presetsImport/Export functions for easy sharing of presetsUnlimited undo/redo capabilityStandalone operation - no host application requiredStandard plug-in formats supportFull audio and MIDI hardware supportSimultaneous operation of multiple MIDI portsMIDI automation and program change supportUser defined MIDI maps with MIDI LearnModule initialization and bypassHigh-quality integrated master effects: chorus, delay and reverbMIDI Clock, tap, and host tempo synchronizationDynamic voice allocation and CPU overhead protection

Mosfet Modeling For Circuit Analysis And Design $91 This is the first book dedicated to the next generation of MOSFET models. Addressed to circuit designers with an in-depth treatment that appeals to device specialists, the book presents a fresh view of compact modeling, having completely abandoned the regional modeling approach. Both an overview of the basic physics theory required to build compact MOSFET models and a unified treatment of inversion-charge and surface-potential models are provided. The needs of digital, analog and RF designers as regards the availability of simple equations for circuit designs are taken into account. Compact expressions for hand analysis or for automatic synthesis, valid in all operating regions, are presented throughout the book. All the main expressions for computer simulation used in the new generation compact models are derived. Since designers in advanced technologies are increasingly concerned with fluctuations, the modeling of fluctuations is strongly emphasized. A unified approach for both space (matching) and time (noise) fluctuations is introduced.

System Level Modeling of Phase Locked Loops $95.59 This work bases on the PhD thesis, defended by the author at Tallinn University of Technology in 2003. The work summarizes the main results of authors scientific work in the field of modeling and simulation of phase locked loops (PLLs). The book explains the modeling principles and presents the solutions of problems, for which the designed computer models and simulators were used. As a result, a set of parameters for adequate behavior of the PLL in respective applications is proposed. The scope of modeling and simulation is limited by the analog (classical) and mixed analog/digital structures of the PLL, while two methods for system level modeling (phasedomain and signaldomain modeling) are treated. Dealing with different PLL topics makes the book somewhat eclectic, but helps to apprehend and recognize the benefits of using simple and fast running models as an alternative to expensive commercial software tools for behavioral simulation of PLLs. It might encourage the researches, engineers and students to use cheap generalpurpose software for developing selfmade models for the study of dynamics and exactness of performance as PLLs as well as other nonlinear dynamic systems. Author: Paavle, Toivo Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 104 Publication Date: 2010/06/03 Language: English Dimensions: 5.98 x 9.01 x 0.24 inches

Cmos Analog Design Using All-region Mosfet Modeling $117 No Synopsis Available

A Practical Guide to Analog Behavioral Modeling for Ic System Design $145.28 No Synopsis Available

VLSI Analog Signal Processing Circuits : Algorithm, Architecture, Modeling, and Circuit Implementation $57.52 No Synopsis Available

Reference Modeling $99 Reference Modeling

Ecotoxicology Modeling $169 Ecotoxicology Modeling

Combat Modeling $160 Combat Modeling

Conceptual Modeling $79.95 Conceptual Modeling

Modeling Students' Mathematical Modeling Competencies $179 Modeling Students' Mathematical Modeling Competencies

Modeling $64.95 Edited by Daniel Rothbart of George Mason University in Virginia, this book is a collection of Rom Harr's work on modeling in science (particularly physics and psychology). In over 28 authored books and 240 articles and book chapters, Rom Harr of Georgetown University in Washington, DC is a towering figure in philosophy, linguistics, and social psychology. He has inspired a generation of scholars, both for the ways in which his research is carried out and his profound insights. For Harr, the stunning discoveries of research demand a kind of thinking that is found in the construction and control of models. Iconic modeling is pivotal for representing real-world structures, explaining phenomena, manipulating instruments, constructing theories, and acquiring data. This volume in the new Elsevier book series Studies in Multidisciplinarity includes major topics on the structure and function of models, the debates over scientific realism, explanation through analogical modeling, a metaphysics for physics, the rationale for experimentation, and modeling in social encounters. * A multidisciplinary work of sweeping scope about the nature of science * Revolutionary interpretation that challenges conventional wisdom about the character of scientific thinking * Profound insights about fundamental challenges to contemporary physics * Brilliant discoveries into the nature of social interaction and human identity * Presents a rational conception of methods for acquiring knowledge of remote regions of the world * Written by one of the great thinkers of our time.

Mixed Analog-Digital VLSI Devices and Te $85.99 Improve your circuit-design potential with this expert guide to the devices and technology used in mixed analog-digital VLSI chips for such high-volume applications as hard-disk drives, wireless telephones, and consumer electronics. The book provides you with a critical understanding of device models, fabrication technology, and layout as they apply to mixed analog-digital circuits. You will learn about the many device-modeling requirements for analog work, as well as the pitfalls in models used today for computer simulators such as Spice. Also included is information on fabrication technologies developed specifically for mixed-signal VLSI chips, plus guidance on the layout of mixed analog-digital chips for a high degree of analog-device matching and minimum digital-to-analog interference. Filled with practical information, this first-of-its-kind book will help you grasp the nuances of mixed-signal VLSI-device models and layout that are crucial to the design of high-performance chips.

AAS Modeling Collection - Virtual Instrument Software $469 The AAS Modeling Collection includes six incredible virtual instruments in one convenient music software packageTasman 4 Sound Synthesis Studio, Lounge Lizard EP-3 Electric Piano, Ultra Analog VA-1 Analog Synthesizer, String Studio VS-1 String Modeling Synthesizer, Strum Acoustic GS-1 Acoustic Guitar, Strum Electric Guitar GS-1 Electric Guitar. Load up your computer with this diverse set and see which direction they get your creative juices flowing.String Studio VS-1The Applied Acoustics Systems (AAS) String Studio String Modeling Synthesizer trades in the traditional oscillator, filter, and envelope pattern for real-life string instrument components. A cutting-edge string model interacting with picks, bows, hammers, fingers, frets, dampers, and soundboards is at the heart of String Studio. Through this direct approach, the String Studio sample library delivers stunning guitars, basses, harps, clavinets, bowed instruments, and percussion, as well as rich and animated tones that blend the warmth, naturalness, and density of real life with unique and innovative timbres from yet unheard instruments.The Unmistakable Feeling of Playing a Real Stringed InstrumentInstead of relying on samples and wavetables, String Studio virtual instrument generates sound on the fly using an accurate model of the components and interactions involved in stringed instruments. This elaborate synthesis engine responds dynamically depending on your performance and how it is already vibrating, producing sound that is always unique to the moment. As a result of its nature, the virtual stringed instrument in the String Studio collection captures the richness and diversity of acoustic textures and reproduces the quirks, subtleties, and responsiveness of real instruments. This is the key to providing you with vibrant sound as well as the presence and expressivity of a real instrument.Physical ErgonomicsThe String Studio interface is conveniently laid out around components of a stringed instrument and the controls are directly related to their physical properties. With just a limited number of intuitive parameters, String Studio procures a remarkable range of sounds. Explore the extensive sample collection of warm and organic sounds included with String Studio or tweak and create exquisite textures simply not possible with other synthesizers.Live ExtrasFinally, the String Studio virtual instrument offers premium performance features, including keyboard modes, portamento, vibrato, and legato functions, as well as a programmable pattern arpeggiator. For optimal controller integration, the music software features a complete set of MIDI features; easy-to-use MIDI Learn function for user-defined MIDI maps, min/max parameter range settings, MIDI program change and automation. A high-quality effect rack, featuring distortion, chorus, delay, and reverb completes the package.Ultra Analog Virtual Analog Synth

Aas Modeling Collection - Virtual Instrument Software $469 The AAS Modeling Collection includes six incredible virtual instruments in one convenient music software packageTasman 4 Sound Synthesis Studio, Lounge Lizard EP-3 Electric Piano, Ultra Analog VA-1 Analog Synthesizer, String Studio VS-1 String Modeling Synthesizer, Strum Acoustic GS-1 Acoustic Guitar, Strum Electric Guitar GS-1 Electric Guitar. Load up your computer with this diverse set and see which direction they get your creative juices flowing.String Studio VS-1The Applied Acoustics Systems (AAS) String Studio String Modeling Synthesizer trades in the traditional oscillator, filter, and envelope pattern for real-life string instrument components. A cutting-edge string model interacting with picks, bows, hammers, fingers, frets, dampers, and soundboards is at the heart of String Studio. Through this direct approach, the String Studio sample library delivers stunning guitars, basses, harps, clavinets, bowed instruments, and percussion, as well as rich and animated tones that blend the warmth, naturalness, and density of real life with unique and innovative timbres from yet unheard instruments.The Unmistakable Feeling of Playing a Real Stringed InstrumentInstead of relying on samples and wavetables, String Studio virtual instrument generates sound on the fly using an accurate model of the components and interactions involved in stringed instruments. This elaborate synthesis engine responds dynamically depending on your performance and how it is already vibrating, producing sound that is always unique to the moment. As a result of its nature, the virtual stringed instrument in the String Studio collection captures the richness and diversity of acoustic textures and reproduces the quirks, subtleties, and responsiveness of real instruments. This is the key to providing you with vibrant sound as well as the presence and expressivity of a real instrument.Physical ErgonomicsThe String Studio interface is conveniently laid out around components of a stringed instrument and the controls are directly related to their physical properties. With just a limited number of intuitive parameters, String Studio procures a remarkable range of sounds. Explore the extensive sample collection of warm and organic sounds included with String Studio or tweak and create exquisite textures simply not possible with other synthesizers.Live ExtrasFinally, the String Studio virtual instrument offers premium performance features, including keyboard modes, portamento, vibrato, and legato functions, as well as a programmable pattern arpeggiator. For optimal controller integration, the music software features a complete set of MIDI features; easy-to-use MIDI Learn function for user-defined MIDI maps, min/max parameter range settings, MIDI program change and automation. A high-quality effect rack, featuring distortion, chorus, delay, and reverb completes the package.Ultra Analog Virtual Analog Synth

Tradeoffs and Optimization in Analog CMOS Design $130 Analog CMOS integrated circuits are in widespread use for communications, entertainment, multimedia, biomedical, and many other applications that interface with the physical world. Although analog CMOS design is greatly complicated by the design choices of drain current, channel width, and channel length present for every MOS device in a circuit, these design choices afford significant opportunities for optimizing circuit performance. This book addresses tradeoffs and optimization of device and circuit performance for selections of the drain current, inversion coefficient, and channel length, where channel width is implicitly considered. The inversion coefficient is used as a technology independent measure of MOS inversion that permits design freely in weak, moderate, and strong inversion.  This book details the significant performance tradeoffs available in analog CMOS design and guides the designer towards optimum design by describing: An interpretation of MOS modeling for the analog designer, motivated by the EKV MOS model, using tabulated hand expressions and figures that give performance and tradeoffs for the design choices of drain current, inversion coefficient, and channel length; performance includes effective gate-source bias and drain-source saturation voltages, transconductance efficiency, transconductance distortion, normalized drain-source conductance, capacitances, gain and bandwidth measures, thermal and flicker noise, mismatch, and gate and drain leakage current Measured data that validates the inclusion of important small-geometry effects like velocity saturation, vertical-field mobility reduction, drain-induced barrier lowering, and inversion-level increases in gate-referred, flicker noise voltage In-depth treatment of moderate inversion, which offers low bias compliance voltages, high transconductance efficiency, and good immunity to velocity saturation effects for circuits designed in modern, low-voltage processes Fabricated design examples that include operational transconductance amplifiers optimized for various tradeoffs in DC and AC performance, and micropower, low-noise preamplifiers optimized for minimum thermal and flicker noise A design spreadsheet, available at the book web site, that facilitates rapid, optimum design of MOS devices and circuits  Tradeoffs and Optimization in Analog CMOS Design is the first book dedicated to this important topic. It will help practicing analog circuit designers and advanced students of electrical engineering build design intuition, rapidly optimize circuit performance during initial design, and minimize trial-and-error circuit simulations. 

Substrate Noise Coupling in Analog/RF Circuits $99 This practical resource offers you detailed guidance on the impact of substrate noise on a wide range of circuits operating from baseband frequencies up to mm-wave frequencies. This unique book presents case studies to illustrate that careful modeling of the assembly characteristics and layout details is required to bring simulations and measurements into agreement. You learn how to use a proper combination of isolation structures and circuit techniques to make analog/RF circuits more immune to substrate noise.